WHAT IS DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH?
kalimat langsung (DIRECT)adalah kalimat yang menirukan ucapan orang lain.dapat berupa kalimat perintah,berita atau kalimat Tanya
sentence is a sentence that directly quoting the words of command lain.dapat, news or interrogative sentence.
kalimat tidak langsung(INDIRECT) adalah Kalimat menyatakan isi ujaran orang ketiga tanpa mengulang kata-katanya secara
Cara merubah Kalimat tak langsung ke Kalimat langsung. Sentence stating the contents of a third person speech without repeating his words in
Indirect way of changing the sentence to the sentence immediately
Cara merubah Kalimat tak langsung ke Kalimat langsung. Sentence stating the contents of a third person speech without repeating his words in
Indirect way of changing the sentence to the sentence immediately
HOW TO MAKE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
ada dua unsur dalam membentuk direct dan indirect speech,yaitu reporting verb (kata kerja yang memberitahukan)berada di awal kalimat dan reported verb(kata kerja yang diberitahukan)berada dalam susunan selanjutnya.cara membuat direct speech:
Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan atas bentuk waktu reporting verb.
Dua cara perubahan bentuk waktu pada reported speech :
RULE I
Kalau reporting verb itu past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech itu harus diubah ke dalam salah satu dari empat bentuk past tense.
Direct Speech – Indirect Speech
Simple present – menjadi – Simple past
He said ” The woman comes “ He said that the woman came
Dari contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk bentuk waktu dari reported speech sebagai berikut :
| Direct Speech Simple present Present continuous Present perfect Present perfect continuous Simple past Past continuous Future Present | Indirect Speech Simple past Past continuous Past perfect Past perfect continuous Past perfect Past perfect continuous Past Past |
kecuali :
Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi
kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam
bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanmya, contoh :
Direct Speech – Indirect Speech
she said, “The sun sets in the west” – she said that the sun sets in the west
Dalam reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke dalam past tense dengan peraturan I, kata sifat, kata kerja atau kata keterangan umumnya diubah:
| Direct Speech this = ini these = ini come = datang here = di sini, ke sini hence = dari sini hither = ke tempat ini ago = yang lalu now = sekarang today = hari ini tomorrow = besok yesterday = kemarin last night = tadi malam next week = minggu depan thus = begini contoh : He said, “I will come here”. | Indirect Speech that = itu those = itu go = pergi there = di sana, ke sana thence = dari sana thither = ke tempat itu before = lebih dahulu then = pada waktu itu that day = hari itu next day = hari berikutnya the previous day = sehari sebelumnya the previous night = semalam sebelumnya the following week = minggu berikutnya so = begitu He said that he would go there |
Akan tetapi kalau this, here, now dan sebagainya menunjukan pada benda, tempat atau waktu ketika berbicara, maka tidak dilakukan perubahan.
Mira said, “This is my pen”. – Mira said that this was his pen
(ketika berbicara pena berada di tangan pembicara)
RULE II
1) Bila reported speech kalimat berita
Dengan peraturan ini reporting verb dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu dan kapan saja ini terjadi, bentuk waktu dari kata kerja dalam reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect speech.
Reporting verb – Reported speech
Present tense – Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)
Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.
Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “.
Indirect : She has told you that he is reading. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly “.
Indirect : She will tell you that you have done wrongly. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “.
Indirect : She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy. (tidak berubah)
2) Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat tanya
a) Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata tanya dan mengubah tenses jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata tanya diberitakan.
| Direct He said to me, “Where are you going?” He said to me, “What are you doing?” | Indirect He asked me where I was going He inquired of me what I was doing |
b) Dengan menggunakan if atau whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengubah tenses, jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan :
| Direct He said to me, “Are you going away today?” He asked me , “can you come along?” | Indirect He asked me whether I was going away that day. He asked me if I could come along. |
.
3) Kalimat perintah (imperative sentences)
Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang menandakan :
- · command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan.
- · precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.
- · request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.
- · entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat).
- · prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.
Dalam perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, modus imperatif harus diganti dengan infinitif. Tegasnya, reported verb (kata kerja yang diberitakan atau kata kerja dalam reported speech) harus diubah menjadi infinitive with to.
a) Command :
Direct: He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”
Indirect:He ordered his servant to go away at once
.
b) Precept :
Direct: She said to her son, “Study hard!”
Indirect: He advised her son to study hard
.
c) Request :
Direct: He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”
Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil
.
d) Entreaty :
Direct: He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”
Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.
.
e) Prohibition :
Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”
Indirect: She forbade her daughter to go there
Kalau reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi reported verb ask, order, command dsb (tapi jika bukan forbid), predikatnya diubah ke dalam infinitive with to yang didahului oleh not atau no + infinitive with to.
Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”
Indirect: She asked herdaughter not to go there.
.
4) Kalimat seru (exclamatory sentences)
Bilamana reported speech terdiri dari kalimat seru atau kalimat optatif, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang semacam itu seperti exclaim, cry out, pray dsb.
a) Exclamatory sentences
Direct: He said, “Hurrah! My old friend has come”
Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that his old friend had come.
.
b) Optative sentences (kalimat yang menyatakan harapan, pujian, dsb)
Direct: He said, “God bless you, my dear son “
Indirect: He prayed that God would bless his dear son
EXAMPLES OF DIRECT SPEECH AND INDIRECT SPEECH
1. Direct : Tami said, “I have to go now.”
Indirect : Tami said that she had to go then.
2. Direct : Panji said, “I will going to Maldives tomorrow.”
Indirect : PAnji said that he would going o Maldives the day after.
3. Direct : she has told you,” I’m reading a magazine.”
Indirect : she has told you that he’s reading a magazine.
1. 4. Direct : Nia said,” to his friend, “Please lend me your pencil!”
Indirect : Nia asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil 5. Direct : Sinta said,”God bless yau, my dear son
Indirect : Sinta prayed that God would bless his dear son
6. Direct : she said,”the boyman comes
Indirect : she said that the boyman come
7. Direct : andi said,” I’m really happy.”
Indirect : andi said that he’s really happy
8. Direct : he said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”
Indirect : he forbade her daughter to go there
9. Direct : He said to his mistress, “Pardon me, maam”
Indirect : He begged his mistress to pardon him.
10. Direct : Elena said,” I’m so tired
Indirect : Elena said that she was so tired
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