Jumat, 15 Juni 2012

HOW TO MAKE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH


HOW TO MAKE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
ada dua unsur dalam membentuk direct dan indirect speech,yaitu reporting verb (kata kerja yang memberitahukan)berada di awal kalimat dan reported verb(kata kerja yang diberitahukan)berada dalam susunan selanjutnya.
cara membuat direct speech:
Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan atas bentuk waktu reporting verb.
Dua cara perubahan bentuk waktu pada reported speech :
RULE I
Kalau reporting verb itu past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech itu harus diubah ke dalam salah satu dari empat bentuk past tense.
Direct Speech – Indirect Speech
Simple present – menjadi – Simple past
He said ” The woman comes “ He said that the woman came
Dari contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk bentuk waktu dari reported speech sebagai berikut :
Direct Speech
Simple present
Present continuous
Present perfect
Present perfect continuous
Simple past
Past continuous
Future
Present
Indirect Speech
Simple past
Past continuous
Past perfect
Past perfect continuous
Past perfect
Past perfect continuous
Past
Past
kecuali :
Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi
kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam
bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanmya, contoh :
Direct Speech – Indirect Speech
she said, “The sun sets in the west” – she said that the sun sets in the west
Dalam reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke dalam past tense dengan peraturan I, kata sifat, kata kerja atau kata keterangan umumnya diubah:
Direct Speech
this = ini
these = ini
come = datang
here = di sini, ke sini
hence = dari sini
hither = ke tempat ini
ago = yang lalu
now = sekarang
today = hari ini
tomorrow = besok
yesterday = kemarin
last night = tadi malam
next week = minggu depan
thus = begini
contoh :
He said, “I will come here”.
Indirect Speech
that = itu
those = itu
go = pergi
there = di sana, ke sana
thence = dari sana
thither = ke tempat itu
before = lebih dahulu
then = pada waktu itu
that day = hari itu
next day = hari berikutnya
the previous day = sehari sebelumnya
the previous night = semalam sebelumnya
the following week = minggu berikutnya
so = begitu
He said that he would go there
Akan tetapi kalau this, here, now dan sebagainya menunjukan pada benda, tempat atau waktu ketika berbicara, maka tidak dilakukan perubahan.
Mira said, “This is my pen”. – Mira said that this was his pen
(ketika berbicara pena berada di tangan pembicara)
RULE II
1) Bila reported speech kalimat berita
Dengan peraturan ini reporting verb dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu dan kapan saja ini terjadi, bentuk waktu dari kata kerja dalam reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect speech.
Reporting verb – Reported speech
Present tense – Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)
Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.
Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “.
Indirect : She has told you that he is reading. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly “.
Indirect : She will tell you that you have done wrongly. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “.
Indirect : She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy. (tidak berubah)
2) Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat tanya
a) Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata tanya dan mengubah tenses jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata tanya diberitakan.
Direct
He said to me, “Where are you going?”
He said to me, “What are you doing?”
Indirect
He asked me where I was going
He inquired of me what I was doing
b) Dengan menggunakan if atau whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengubah tenses, jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan :
Direct
He said to me, “Are you going
away today?”
He asked me , “can you come along?”
Indirect
He asked me whether I was
going away that day.
He asked me if I could come along.
.
3) Kalimat perintah (imperative sentences)
Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang menandakan :
  • · command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan.
  • · precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.
  • · request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.
  • · entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat).
  • · prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.
Dalam perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, modus imperatif harus diganti dengan infinitif. Tegasnya, reported verb (kata kerja yang diberitakan atau kata kerja dalam reported speech) harus diubah menjadi infinitive with to.
a) Command :
Direct: He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”
Indirect:He ordered his servant to go away at once
.
b) Precept :
Direct: She said to her son, “Study hard!”
Indirect: He advised her son to study hard
.
c) Request :
Direct: He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”
Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil
.
d) Entreaty :
Direct: He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”
Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.
.
e) Prohibition :
Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”
Indirect: She forbade her daughter to go there
Kalau reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi reported verb ask, order, command dsb (tapi jika bukan forbid), predikatnya diubah ke dalam infinitive with to yang didahului oleh not atau no + infinitive with to.
Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”
Indirect: She asked herdaughter not to go there.
.
4) Kalimat seru (exclamatory sentences)
Bilamana reported speech terdiri dari kalimat seru atau kalimat optatif, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang semacam itu seperti exclaim, cry out, pray dsb.
a) Exclamatory sentences
Direct: He said, “Hurrah! My old friend has come”
Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that his old friend had come.
.
b) Optative sentences (kalimat yang menyatakan harapan, pujian, dsb)
Direct: He said, “God bless you, my dear son “

TUGAS 3



Jelaskan mengenai Gerund

Gerund adalah bentuk kata kerja verb+ing yang digunakan sebagai kata benda. karena fungsinya sebagai kata benda, maka gerund dapat berfungsi sebagai: subject,object of the verbs,dan object of prepositions dan juga complements.

contoh:
Infinitive                     Gerund                        Arti
- to read                      reading                      bacaan
- to smoke                  smoking                    merokok
- to write                    writing                        tulisan
- to knock                 knocking                     ketukan
- to speak                  speaking                   pembicaraan
Tempat/Kedudukan GERUND dalam kalimat :
o    after subject
o    as object of transitive verb
o    as object of preposition
o    after article
o    after Demontrative adjective

Jumat, 13 April 2012

Tugas 11

continue Tugas 11

8 Apr 3. Jelaskan fungsi dari masing-masing tipe
4. Berika 10 contoh kalimat pengandaian beserta faktanya
answer :
CONDITIONAL SEENTENCEIF CLAUSE
Type 1
Fungsi : digunakan untk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yg akan terjadi diwaktu yang akan bila syarat tertentu
RUMUS ==
( IF + S + V1/Ves + O, S + WILL + V1 + O )
Ex. If Igraduatedfrom my college on time, Theywill giveme the jobIf heishere, Iwill behappy
Type 2
Fungsi : digunakan untk menyatakan peristiwa yang tak mungkin terjadikarena syarat tdk dpat dipenuhi (unlike condition)RUMUS ==
( IF + S + V2/Ved + O, S + Would + V1 + O )
Ex. If Iwonthe lottery, Iwould buythe houseIf shewerehere with me, Iwould bevery happyKet_gunakan ´wereµ kalo ga ada kata kerja., untk smua subjek. µwasµ tidakberlaku
Type 3
Fungsi : digunakan untk menyatakan keadaan yang seharusnya telah terjadi diwaktu lampau, namun tak terjadi karena syarat tak terpnuhi.RUMUS ==
( IF + S + Had V3 + O, S + Would have V3 + O
Ex. If uhad attendedmy party last night, uwould havemet your old friends.If shehad beenfine, Iwould not have been sad.
Example sentences
  1. If I got the money,would buy you the comic. Fact: Idon·t getthe money so Idon·t buy you the comic.
  2.  If my mother prepared the break fast, we would eat it. fact : Mother doesn’t preparethe breakfast so wedon·teat it.
  3. Father would pickme if I asked him. fact : Father doesn’t pickme because Idon·task him.
  4. If the teacher didn’t comewewouldbe happy. fact : The Teacher comes so wearen·tbe happy.
  5. The teacher would giveus the test if we were ready. fact : The teacherdoesn·t giveus the test because we aren’t ready.
  6. The boy wouldn’t playin the rain if his motherdidn·t permithimThe boyplaysin the rain because his Mother permitshim.
  7. If he had visited me, I would have been happyHedidn·t visitedme so I wasn·t happy.
  8. If they had not attendedthe meting, they wouldn’t have gotten the information.
  9. They attended the meting, they got the information.
  10. I would have beenlate if I hadn·t gotten up earlyIwasn·tlate because I got up early.
  11. If she had writtenthe letter, I would have replied it. fact : She didn·t writethe letter so I didn·t reply it
source : http://www.scribd.com/doc/38817068/if-clause

Tugas 11

Tugas 11

8 Apr

source :

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/if_type1.htm
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/if_type2.htm
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/if_type3.htm

Conditional sentences – type III

Use

It is impossible to fulfil a condition which is given in the if-clause.

Form

if clause main clause
Past Perfect would + have + past participle
or
could + have + past participle
or
might + have + past participle

Examples

If I had studied, I would have passed the exams.
If I had studied, I could have passed the exams.
If I had studied, I might have passed the exams.
The if-clause can be at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.
If I had studied, I would have passed the exams.
I would have passed the exams if I had studied.


Type 2

Use

It is theoretically possible to fulfil a condition which is given in the if-clause.

Form

if clause main clause
Simple Past would + infinitive
or
could + infinitive
or
might + infinitive

Examples

If I studied, I would pass the exams.
If I studied, I could pass the exams.
If I studied, I might pass the exams.
The if-clause can be at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.
If I studied, I would pass the exams.
I would pass the exams if I studied.


tugas 11.
1. ada berapa tipe if-clause
2. ada berapa tipe wish
Answer :

Type 1

Use

It is possible to fulfil a condition which is given in the if-clause.

Form

if clause main clause
Simple Present will-future
or
infinitive
or
Modal + infinitive

Examples

If I study, I will pass the exams.
If you see John tonight, tell him to e-mail me.
If Ben gets up early, he can catch the bus.
The if-clause can be at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.
If I study, I will pass the exams.
I will pass the exams if I study

Tugas 10

Tugas 10.
1. Definisi conditional sentences
2. ada berapa bentuk conditional sentences
3. berikan contoh 10 kalimat yang menggunakan conditional sentences
Answer  :
In grammarconditional sentences are sentences discussing factual implications or hypothetical situations and their consequences. Languages use a variety of conditional constructions and verb forms (such as the conditional mood) to form such sentences.
Full conditional sentences contain two clauses: the condition or protasis, and the consequence or apodosis.
If it rains [condition], (then) the picnic will be cancelled [consequence].
Syntactically, the condition is the subordinate clause, and the consequence is the main clause. However, the properties of the entire sentence are primarily determined by the properties of the protasis (condition) (its tense and degree of factualness).

Conditional Sentence Type 1

→ It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple Presentwill-Future
Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

Conditional Sentence Type 2

→ It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple PastConditional I (= would + Infinitive)
Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

Conditional Sentence Type 3

→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.
Form: if + Past PerfectConditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)
Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

example 10 sentences :
  1. If it’s raining here now, then it was raining on the West Coast this morning.
  2. If it’s raining now, then your laundry is getting wet.
  3. If it’s raining now, there will be mushrooms to be picked next week.
  4. If it rains this afternoon, then yesterday’s weather forecast was wrong.
  5. If it rains this afternoon, your garden party is doomed.
  6. If it rains this afternoon, everybody will stay home.
  7. If I become President, I’ll lower taxes.
  8. If you’ll [you will] just hold the door open for me a moment, I can take this table out to the kitchen.
  9. If you will keep all the windows shut, of course you’ll get headaches.
  10. If you will excuse me, I think I will slip into something more comfortable.

Tugas 8

Definisi  Intransitive  Verb
Intransitive verbs adalah kata kerja atau verba yang tidak memerlukan objek langsung (no direct object). Dalam suatu kalimat, intransitive verbs bisa menjadi akhir kalimat tersebut. Jika tidak, adverbia atau frase preposisi akan menjadi akhir kalimat yang berfungsi menerangkan intransitive verbs.
                                
Kategori Kata Kerja Intransitive

example of sentences :
  1. Emmy arrives from Bandung by train today
  2. They hurry go to school
  3. we walk together to see the film
  4. the cats stand on the roof
  5. I usually wake up at five o’clock every morning
  6. I always play with my cats every afternoon
  7. we want to make a group for discussion
  8. catherin seldom help her mother every morning
  9. Mike bring some flower for his girlfriend
  10. melissa always clean her hair twice a week
  11. father cook us a noodles with cheese

TUGAS 7


Definisi transitive verb ( Tugas 7 )
DEFINISI VERB
Verbs adalah kata kerja yang menunjukan nama perbuatan yang dilakukan oleh subyek, namun mungkin juga menunjukan keadaan. Contoh :
• Roy comes from Depok
• My brother studies in japan
• She is beautiful
Dalam bahasa inggris ada bermacam-macam verb (kata kerja), namun dalam bagian ini hanya akan membahas beberapa macam kata kerja yang pokok saja.



Kategori  Kata Kerja transitive verb
• Finite verb (ordinary verb) adalah kata kerja biasa yakni yang ditandai dengan ciri-ciri sebagai berikut :
a. Bila dipakai dalam kalimat Tanya dan negative perlu memakai kata kerja bantu do, does, atau did.
b. Bentuknya dapat berubah-ubah oleh tenses
c. Memiliki bentuk-bentuk : invinitive, present partticple, gerund, past tense, present tense, past participle.

• Auxiliary verbs (kata kerja bantu) adalah kata kerja yang digunakan bersama-sama dengan kata kerja lain untuk menyatakan tindakan atau keadaan, atau khususnya mempunyai fungsi grammatical.
• Linking verbs adalah kata kerja yang berfungsi menghubungkan antara subject dengan complementnya. Kata yang dihubungkan dengan subject tersebut dinamakan subject complement.
• Transitive verbs adalah kata kerja yang memerlukan object untuk menyempurnakan arti kalimat.
• Intransitive verbs adalah kata kerja yang tiidak memerlukan object, karena sudah dapat menunjukan arti yang sempurna




Berikan Contoh Kalimat Transitive
1.Roy comes from Depok
2. My brother studies in japan
3. She is beautiful
4.He bought a shirt.
5.She brushes her hair every hour.

6.Marina will lose the race.
7.They watch the film.
8.He is reading a magazine.